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The two tables below list all of the base weapon and armor enchantments.

When Disenchanting an item, you always learn its Base Enchantment.

So disenchanting a Daedric Mace of the Inferno teaches you ‘Fire Damage’.

But disenchanting an Iron Sword of Embers also teaches you ‘Fire Damage’. Despite the cheaper item, you learn the same effect.

When Enchanting an item:

You can apply any weapon enchantment to any weapon.

You can apply armor enchantments only to a subset of armor pieces, as shown below.

Examples:

You can enchant any weapon with Fire Damage, from a dagger to a warhammer.

You can apply Waterbreathing to any Helm, Ring, or Necklace.

You can put Muffle on any pair of Boots, but only on Boots...